During land-use planning from 1974 to 1997, quantitative evaluation methods and standardized land-evaluation frameworks were integrated to compare alternatives across biophysical, economic, and social dimensions. Researchers emphasized typologies, performance metrics, and accessibility concepts, with geographic information systems becoming central to planning and policy evaluation. Urban form and environmental indicators, notably impervious surface coverage, gained prominence as tools to understand hydrological impacts and to guide zoning and green infrastructure strategies.